Daiber II Ms. 12

IIIF Collection

Contents

1. [1]

   Cover and Preliminary leaves.

2. [2] [2024] fol. 2v - 109r

   Abu Bakr al-Shashi = Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Husayn Ibn Umar al-Shashi al-Qaffal أبو بكر الشاشي = أبو بكر محمد بن أحمد بن الحسين بن عمر الشاشي القفال, called Fakhr al-Islam al-Mustazhiri فخر الإسلام المستظهري : Kitab Usul al-fiqh al-musamma al-Shashi كتاب أصول الفقه المسمى الشاشي. The colophon mentions this title and "Abu Bakr al-Shashi" as author. As the bio-bibliographical sources list quite a lot of names of jurists from Shash شاش (Tashkent) which contain the same kunya, it is helpful to have a look at the sources quoted or mentioned in the text in order to identify the author. We find al-Shafi'i ‏ الشافعي (3v, 4v, 11r, 50r, 53v, 57r, 69r, 70r, 71r, 81r, 86r), Abu Hanifa ‏ أبو حنيفة‏‏ (9v, 11v, 16r, 46r, 55r, 57r-v, 64v, 81r, 109r), Abu Yusuf ‏ أبو يوسف‏‏ (32v, 64v, 74r), Muhammad al-Shaybani محمد الشيباني, in part his Kitab al-siyar al-kabir كتاب السير الكبير or his al-Jami' al-kabir ‏ الجامع الكبير‏ (38r, 54r, 58v, 64v, 66r)‏‏, Malik Ibn Anas مالك بن أنس‏ or the Malikiya مالكية‏ (57r, 76v)‏‏ ; finally al-Karkhi الكرخي‏ (38v)‏‏ and al-Hamasi الحماسي‏ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (35r) : these two sources belong to a later period. al-Karkhi is apparently identical with Abu al-Hasan Ubayd Allah Ibn al-Husayn Ibn Dallal al-Karkhi أبو الحسن عبيد الله بن الحسين بن دلال الكرخي ‏, a Hanafite faqih فقيه‏ (260/873 - 340/952) ; al-Hamasi is perhaps identical with al-Hasan Ibn Harb الحسن بن حرب‏ (wrote ca. 400/1010; → GAS I 499) whose nisba in Hajji Khalifa is misread by the editor G. Flügel (III, p. 637, no. 7300) as al-Hassani الحساني‏ and in the edition of Istanbul ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (II 1010) as الحوـي. According to Hajji Khalifa, al-Hasan Ibn Harb refers to the doctrines of al-Shafi'i and Abu Hanifa. This can be confirmed by our Ms. More important, however, is the mention of "al-Qadi al-Imam Abu Zayd al-Marwazi القاضي الإمام أبو زيد المروزي " on fol. 104r: this scholar was a teacher of Abu Bakr Abd Allah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Abd Allah al-Marwazi al-Qaffal al-saghir أبو بكر عبد الله بن أحمد بن عبد الله المروزي القفال الصغير (→ Ibn al-Imad, Shadharat III, 208, 4) who died 417/1026 (→ GAS I 500f.); he was a pupil of the jurist and Hadith-scholar Abu Mansur al-Azdi al-Muhallabi al-Marwi أبو منصور الأزدي المهلبي المروي who died 410/1019 (→ Subk , Tabaqat II, 196, 12f.). The quotation of Abu Zayd al-Marwazi in our text enables us to date its author to the 11th century. This date can be confirmed and specified by a reference to the Shafi'ite Ibn al-Sabbagh ابن الصباغ and his Kitab al-Shamil كتاب الشامل on fol. 86r, 2f.; Abu Nasr Abd al-Sayyid Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Sabbagh أبو نصر عبد السيد بن محمد بن الصباغ was born in 400/1009 in Baghdad and died in 1083 (→ GAL I 388; S I 671). Therefore, Abu Bakr al-Shashi cannot be identical with the Hanafite Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi al-Samarqandi إسحق بن إبراهيم الشاشي السمرقندي who is said to have died during 325/937 (→ GAL I 174; S I 294) and who is said to have written the Kitab al-Usul كتاب الأصول which is attributed to him in the editions of our text published in India (e.g. Lucknow 1293/1876). The old editions of our Ms. which were published in India between 1264/1848 and 1302/1885 (→ GAL I 174; S I 294), attribute the text to Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi apparently by following Abd al-Qadir Abu al-Wafa' al-Qurashi عبد القادر أبو الوفاء القرشي (died 775/1373), al-Jawahir al-mudi'a fi tabaqat al-Hanafiya الجواهر المضيئة في طبقات الحنفية (I, Haydarabad 1332/1913, p.136) and his epitomator, an Indian scholar from Lucknow, Abd al-Hayy al-Laknawi عبد الحي اللكنوي (died 1304/1886), who in his al-Fawa'id al-bahiya fi tarajim al-Hanafiya الفوائد البهية في تراجم الحنفية (published in India 1293/1876; → GAL S II 645 no. 13 and 857 no. 34 par. 15) repeated the information given by Abu al-Wafa' al-Qurashi (→ GAL S I 294). This report cannot be confirmed, however, by other bio-bibliographical sources; Sezgin (GAS I) with good reasons omitted any article on a Hanafite scholar called "Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi . Sezgin attributed the Kitab al-Usul to Nizam al-Din al-Shashi نظام الدين الشاشي from the 7th/13th century and based his attribution on the information given by the catalogue in Patna (Bankipore). In spite of this information and in spite of the attribution of the Kitab al-Usul to Badr al-Din al-Shashi al-Shirwani بدر الدين الشاشي الشرواني from the 8th/14th or 9th/15th century in the Ms. Peshawar 592, Brockelmann keeps to the above mentioned early date of the Kitab al-Usul and its attribution to Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi al-Samarqandi ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (→ GAL I 174 no.8); in GAL S I 294 he therefore explained the reference to Ibn al-Sabbagh as a late interpolation. Ignaz Goldziher (in: ZDMG 71,1917, p.443), however, had already doubted the correctness of the given year of the death of Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi al-Samarqandi. Sezgin (GAS I 498 no.1) accepted the above mentioned late date and the authorship as given in the catalogue of Patna. In view of the above-given enumeration of sources and authorities quoted in the Ms. the proposed solutions are no longer acceptable. A recently (Beirut1982) published (uncritical) edition by Khalil al-Mayyis خليل الميس attributed the text to Abu Ali Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-Shashi أبو علي أحمد بن محمد الشاشي (died 344/955), without offering convincing arguments. The text is printed (without text-critical notes), together with a commentary by Muhammad Fayd al-Hasan al-Kankuhi = Muhammad Fayz Allah Ganguhi محمد فيض الحسن الكنكوهي = محمد فيظ الله گنگوهي an Indian scholar from the beginning of the 20th century (→ GAL S I 267). As already proposed by R. Levy in his Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office II/3 (London 1936), Ms. no. 1439, the Usul al-Shashi أصول الشاشي most probably was written by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Husayn Ibn Umar al-Shashi al-Qaffal, with the cognomen Fakhr al-Islam al-Mustazhiri ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (429/1037-507/1113; → Subki, Tabaqat VI 70ff.; GAL I 390f.; S I 674). Brockelmann mentions among the works of Ibn Umar al-Shashi al-Qaffal ابن عمر الشاشي القفال the Kitab al-Usul and its alternative title Kitab al-Khamsin fi usul al-Hanafiya كتاب الخمسين في أصول الحنفية ; he enumerates some old editions published in India without witting upon the identity with the Kitab al-Usul attributed elsewhere (→ GAL I 174; S I 294) to Ishaq Ibn Ibrahim al-Shashi. The ascription of the Usul al-Shashi to Ibn Umar al-Shashi al-Qaffal from the 5th/11th century can be corroborated by an additional demonstration of its non-identity with Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Isma'il al-Qaffal al-kabir al-Shashi محمد بن علي بن إسماعيل القفال الكبير ا لشاشي (291/904-365/975), Mahasin al-shari'a fi furu' al-Shafi'iya محاسن الشريعة في فروع الشافعية (mentioned GAS I 498 no.2): the quotations from the Bab al-najasat باب النجاسات in Subki, Tabaqat II, 79 cannot be found in our Ms. and its beginning (→ Ms. Saray Ahmet (Istanbul) III, 1317/Catalogue II, 308) differs from our Ms. - In view of these observations, our Ms. is most probably also different from the Kitab fi usul al-fiqh which Subki (Tabaqat III, 200, 17) mentions among the works of al-Qaffal al-kabir al-Shashi. Finally, our Ms. cannot be identical with Abu Bakr Abd Allah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Abd Allah al-Marwazi al-Qaffal al-saghir ‏ أبو بكر عبد الله بن أحمد بن عبد الله المروزي القفال الصغير ‎‎‎‎‎‎ (327/938-417/1026; → GAS I 500f.), al-Fatawa الفتاوى of which one ms. is preserved ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (Süleymaniye, Istanbul 675, fols. 1-122v; copied 895/1489-1490. → GAS I 501): the quotation from this work in Subki السبكي ‏, Tabaqat ‏ طبقات ‏ II, 134, 8ff. cannot be found in our ms. ‏ Future research into the contents of the Usul al-Shashi, other works by the same author (→ GAL) and their historical context may give more evidence of the author's starting-point from the discussions held in the 5th/11th century. These discussions on the principles of law culminated in the efforts of Ghazzali الغزالي ‏ a contemporary of Ibn Umar al-Shashi al-Qaffal, to create a more elaborate concept of ijtihad اجتهاد ‏ , i.e. of independent legal judgement which must be based on ilm علم ‏ : → I. Goldziher, Streitschrift des Ghazali gegen die Batinijja-Sekte (Leiden 1956), pp. 86ff.; art. Idjtihad in EI2 and the Usul al-Shashi, fols. 76r-v. Enumeration of the chapters in our Ms.: ‏ fols.3r-74v: al-bahth al-awwal fi Kitab Allah ‏ البحث الأول في كتاب الله‏ ‏ : fasl al-khass wa-al-amm ‏ فصل الخاص‏والعام ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (3r) ; fasl fi al-mutlaq wa-al-muqayyad ‏ فصل في المطلق والمقيد‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (7v) ; fasl fi al-mushtarak ‏ فصل في المشترك‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (10v) ; fasl fi al-haqiqa wa-al-majaz ‏ فصل في الحقيقة والمجاز ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (13r) ; fasl fi ta'rif ‏ فصل في تعريف‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (17r) ; fasl fi al-sarih wa-al-kinaya ‏ فصل في الصريح والكناية‏ ‏ (19v) ; fasl fi al-taqabulat ‏ فصل في التقابلات‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (21r) ; fasl fi muta'alliqat al-nusus فصل في متعلقات النصوص ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (29r) ; fasl: ikhtalafa al-nas fi al-amr al-mutlaq فصل : اختلف الناس في الأمر المطلق ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (34v) ; fasl al-amr bi-al-fi'l ‏ فصل الأمر بالفعل‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (36r) ; fasl‏ ‏: inna l-amr bi-al-shay' yadullu ala husn al-ma'mur bihi ‏ فصل : إن الأمر بالشيء يدل على حسن المأمور به ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (40v) ; fasl fi hukm al-wajib bi-hukm al-amr ‏ فصل في حكم الواجب بحكم الأمر ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (42r) ; fasl fi nahy ‏ فصل في نهي‏ ‏ (47r) ; fasl fi ta'rif tariq al-murad bi-al-nusus ‏ فصل في تعريف طريق المراد بالنصوص‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (50r) ; fasl fi ta'rif huruf al-ma'ani ‏ فصل في تعريف حروف المعاني‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (53v) ; fasl al-fa' lil-ta'ib wa-al-wasl فصل الفاء للتعيب والوصل‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (55r) ; fasl kalima thumma lil-tarakhi ‏ فصل كلمة ثم للتراخي‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (57r) ; fasl kalima bal li-tadaruk al-ghalat فصل كلمة بل لتدارك الغلط ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (57v) ; fasl fi kalima hatta ‏ فصل في كلمة حتى‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (61v) ; fasl kalima ila al-intiha' ‏ فصل كلمة إلى الانتهاء ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (62v) ; fasl fi kalima ala kalima ‏ فصل في كلمة على كلمة ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (63v) ; fasl fi kalima fi kalima ‏ فصل في كلمة في كلمة‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (64r) ; fasl fi harf al-ba' فصل في حرف الباء ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (66v) ; fasl fi bayan al-taghyir فصل في بيان التغيير ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (68v); fasl wa-amma bayan al-hal fa-mithaluhu... ‏ فصل وأما بيان الحال فمثاله‏ ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (72v). 74v-79v al-bahth al-thani fi sunnat rasul Allah ‏ البحث الثاني في سنة رسول الله ‏: fasl fi aqsam al-khabar ‏ فخل في أقسام ‏الخبر (74v) ; 79v-85r al-bahth al-thalith fi al-ijma'‏ البحث الثالث في الإجماع ‏: fasl thumma ba'da dhalika naw'un gharibun min al-ijma' ‏ فصل ثم بعد ذلك نوع غريب من الإجماع (81v) ; fasl al-wajib ala al-mujtahid talb hukm al-haditha min Kitab Allah thumma min sunnat rasul Allah bi-sarih al-nass aw bi-dalalatihi ala ma marra dhikruhuma ‏ فصل ‏الواجب على المجتهد طلب حكم الحديثة من كتاب الله ثم من سنة رسول الله بصريح النص أو بدلالته على ما مر ذكرهما ‏ (83r) ; 85r-109r al-bahth al-rabi' fi al-qiyas البحث الرابع في القياس : fasl shurut sihhat al-qiyas khamsa ‏ فصل شروط صحة ‏القياس خمسة (86v) ; fasl al-ahkam al-shar'iya ‏ فصل الأحكام الشرعية ‏ (100v) ; fasl qala al-qadi al-Imam Abu Zayd: al-mawani' arba'at aqsam ‏ فصل قال القاضي الإمام أبو زيد : الموانع أربعة أقسام (103v) ; fasl al-fard lughatan huwa-al-qat' wa-al-taqdir wa-mafrudat al-shar' muqaddaratuh ‏ فصل الفرض لغة هو القطع والتقدير ومفروضات الشرع مقدرته‏ (105r). Beginning (after the Basmala): الحمد لله الذي أعلى منزلة المؤمنين... وبعد : فإنّ أصول الفقه أربعة : كتاب الله تعالى وسنّة رسوله وإجماع الأمّة والقياس فلا بدّ من البحث في كل واحد من هذه الأقسام ليعلم بذلك طريق تخريج الأحكام. والبحث الأول : ... End: قال : ما بال السمك لا خمس فيه ؟ قال : لأنه كالماء ولا خمس فيه. تمت الكتاب (!) أصول الفقه المسمى شاشي ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ (!) من تصانيف الشيخ أبو (!) بكر الشاشي... In the margin and between the lines are many notes. Scholars' notes can also be found on fols. 1-2r and 109v-110v.

3. [3]

   Terminal leaves and Back cover.